Modelling liquid film in modern GDI engines and the impact on particulate matter emissions – Part 1

This paper presents the details of a Computational Fluid Dynamics methodology to accurately model process mixture preparation in modern Gasoline Direct Injection engines, with particular emphasis on liquid film as one main causes Particulate Matter formation. The proposed modelling protocol, centred Bai-Onera approach droplets-wall interaction and multi-component surrogate fuel blend models, is validated against relevant published data then applied small-capacity GDI engine, featuring centrally-mounted spray-guided injection system. work covers range part-load, stoichiometric theoretically-homogeneous operating conditions, for which experimental engine engine-out Particle Number measurements were available. results, based parametric variation start timing pressure, demonstrate how both mal-distribution retained at spark timing, may contribute PN emissions, whilst their relative importance vary depending conditions control strategy. Control emissions compliance future, more stringent regulations remain large challenges industry. Renewed disruptive approaches, also consider sustainability sector, appear be essential. work, developed using Siemens Simcenter CFD software part Ford-led APC6 DYNAMO project, aims development reliable cost-effective digital toolset, supports diagnostics through fundamental assessment operation